Probate

Losing a loved one is hard enough without the added stress of handling their estate. If you’ve been named the executor in your loved one’s will, you might feel overwhelmed. The good news is that Illinois offers a streamlined independent administration process for probate – the most common way estates are settled in the state. This guide will walk you through each step of the probate process in Illinois, from the moment of your loved one’s passing to the closing of the estate. I’ll explain what probate is, how it works under Illinois law, and give you a clear step-by-step roadmap of your duties as executor. No legal jargon – just practical guidance to help you navigate this process with confidence. Please be aware that the information in this post is educational in nature, and is not to be relied upon as legal advice. Illinois courts require executors to be represented by counsel in probate. Retain an attorney when a loved one passes.

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What Is Probate in Illinois?

Probate is the legal process of settling a deceased person’s estate. In simple terms, it’s how the court helps transfer the person’s assets to the right people and ensures any debts or taxes are paid. During probate, an executor (if there’s a will) or an administrator (if there’s no will) is officially appointed to handle tasks like gathering the person’s assets, paying bills and creditors, and distributing what’s left to the beneficiaries.

Not all assets necessarily go through probate. For example, life insurance with a named beneficiary, jointly owned property with survivor rights, or assets held in a trust pass outside of probate. However, assets solely in the decedent’s name (with no beneficiary or joint owner) will generally require probate. In Illinois, if the total value of the probate assets is over $100,000 or there is any real estate solely in the decedent’s name, a formal probate estate is usually necessary. (If an estate is small – under $100,000 with no real estate – the family might use a Small Estate Affidavit to skip formal probate, but for most sizable estates a court probate is required.)

Illinois probate ensures the estate is handled properly: all valid debts are settled, and the remaining assets are distributed according to the will (or state law if no will). The entire process does take some time – often around 6 to 12 months for a typical estate – largely because Illinois law gives creditors up to six months to come forward with any claims. More complex or disputed estates can take longer, but knowing the general timeline helps set expectations. 

Fortunately, Illinois’s independent administration process (explained next) can make the journey smoother and faster in many cases.

Independent vs. Supervised Administration

Illinois has two types of probate administration: independent and supervised. With independent administration, which is the default and most common in Illinois, the court appoints the executor and then steps back to let them do their job with minimal oversight. This means you, as the executor, can handle most estate tasks without getting court approval at every turn. Fewer court hearings and filings make independent administration faster, simpler, and less expensive in most cases. In fact, many routine Illinois estates under independent administration only require two court appearances – one to open the estate and one to close it.

Supervised administration, on the other hand, involves the court more closely in the process. In a supervised probate, the executor must seek the judge’s approval for many actions (for example, selling assets, paying certain bills, or distributing funds), and regular reports may be filed with the court. This added oversight can be necessary in special situations but also makes the process more formal and lengthier.

When is supervised administration required? Illinois law will sometimes require supervised probate in certain cases, such as: if the will explicitly demands supervised administration, if a beneficiary is a minor or incapacitated personand the court thinks extra protection is needed, or if an interested party objects to independent administration and the court agrees that oversight is needed to protect someone’s interests. In practice, if the family agrees and the will doesn’t forbid it, the court will allow independent administration. Supervised administration is typically reserved for estates with disputes, unique complexities, or vulnerable beneficiaries. For most Illinois estates, independent administration is used – and that’s what the following steps will focus on.

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Step 1: Obtain the Death Certificate and Locate the Will

The first thing you should do after your loved one’s passing is gather the important documents you’ll need to begin the process. Obtain several certified copies of the death certificate from the county or funeral home. Death certificates are crucial – you’ll need them to file probate papers, access financial accounts, and notify institutions of the death. 

Next, locate the original will (and any updated versions or codicils). Illinois law expects anyone holding the will to file it with the county court clerk promptly (generally within 30 days of the death or of finding the will). Take time to read the will so you understand who the named executor is (likely you, if you’re reading this) and who the beneficiaries are. If you’re not sure where the will is, check common places like a safe deposit box, personal safe, important documents file, or the drafting attorney’s office. Once found, keep the original will safe – you’ll be submitting it to the court when opening probate.

While you’re gathering the will, it’s also helpful to collect other key documents and information. This includes things like any trust documents, life insurance policies, deeds to real estate, bank or investment account statements, titles to vehicles, and a list of known debts or bills. Make a preliminary list of the assets your loved one owned and any debts they owed. Don’t worry if you don’t find everything right away – part of the executor’s job is to discover all assets and liabilities – but starting a list now is useful. This step will also help you determine if a full probate is needed. For instance, if all assets were jointly owned or beneficiary-designated, you might not need to go through probate. However, if the estate has significant assets in the decedent’s name alone (over $100,000 in value or real estate involved), you’ll be proceeding with a probate case. With the death certificate and will in hand, and a general picture of the estate’s assets, you’re ready for the next step.

Step 2: File the Will and Petition to Open Probate

With the necessary documents collected, the probate process officially begins by opening a case in probate court. As executor, you, through your attorney, will file a Petition with the Circuit Court in the Illinois county where your loved one last resided. This petition asks the court to admit the will to probate and to appoint you as the executor (also called the estate’s representative). Along with the petition, you will file the original will and a certified death certificate, and typically an affidavit of heirship (a form listing the surviving family members/heirs). There will be a court filing fee, and the court will schedule a brief hearing for the probate opening.

At the initial hearing (sometimes called the prove-up), the judge will review the paperwork to ensure everything is in order. If all goes well, the court will formally appoint you as the executor. You may be required to take an oath and, in some cases, post a surety bond (a type of insurance to protect the estate). Many wills waive the bond requirement for the executor – check the will’s terms. If a bond is needed, you’ll arrange that (often through an insurance company) before you’re appointed.

Once appointed, you will receive “Letters of Office” (sometimes called Letters Testamentary). This is an official document from the court that proves you have legal authority to act on behalf of the estate. Think of the Letters of Office as your permission slip to access the decedent’s bank accounts, sell assets, pay bills, and generally manage the estate’s affairs. Keep multiple copies of the letters, as banks and other institutions will ask to see them.

Illinois courts will typically grant independent administration at this time unless there’s a reason not to (as discussed earlier). This means you can now proceed to handle the estate with minimal court involvement. If, for some rare reason, the estate is placed under supervised administration (for example, if a dispute among heirs required it), the general steps ahead are similar but you would need the judge’s sign-off on various actions. Assuming your case is independent (as most are), you can move forward freely through the next steps.

Step 3: Notify Beneficiaries and Heirs of the Estate

After you’re appointed executor and the will is admitted to probate, Illinois law requires that you notify all interested parties that the estate has been opened. “Interested parties” usually means everyone named in the will (beneficiaries or “legatees”) and the legal heirs who would have inherited if there were no will (typically close family like a spouse and children, even if the will leaves them nothing). Notifying these individuals is an important early duty – it keeps everyone informed and preserves their rights.

You should send a written Notice of Probate ( prepared with the help of your attorney) to each beneficiary and heir. This notice lets them know that the will has been filed and the estate is in probate, and it usually includes a copy of the will and your contact information as executor. Illinois also provides a “Notice of Rights” for heirs and legatees, informing them of certain rights, such as the right to receive a copy of the petition and will, the right to contest the will or demand formal proof of the will within specified time frames, and the right to request supervised administration if they have concerns. Don’t be alarmed by these rights – in most cases, heirs and beneficiaries simply acknowledge the notice and let you get on with your job. The key is that you’ve kept everyone in the loop.

When sending these notices, use certified mail or another method that provides proof of delivery, as you may need to file proof with the court that notice was given. It’s also a good idea to personally reach out or call close family members (if you haven’t already) to explain what’s happening. This personal touch, aside from the formal notice, can reassure family that the process is underway and that you’ll be handling things in accordance with your loved one’s wishes. Open communication can prevent misunderstandings down the line. Once the beneficiaries and heirs are notified, you’ve fulfilled an important obligation and can turn your attention to marshaling the estate’s assets and dealing with any creditors.

Step 4: Secure Assets and Publish Notice to Creditors

With the legalities of opening the estate taken care of, your next focus is protecting and gathering the estate’s assetsand notifying creditors of the probate. First, secure any property that belonged to your loved one. This means if they owned a home, make sure the house is locked and maintained (consider changing locks if necessary, securing valuables, and continuing insurance coverage and basic utilities to protect the property). For vehicles, ensure they are safely stored. Remove any small valuables or important documents from the residence for safekeeping. It’s also wise to forward the decedent’s mail to your address so you can monitor incoming bills or financial statements – the mail can reveal accounts or creditors you might not have been aware of.

At the same time, Illinois law requires that you notify potential creditors that the estate is in probate. This is done in two ways: by direct notice to known creditors and by publishing a notice for unknown creditors. Go through your loved one’s financial records and mail to identify any known creditors (like credit card companies, mortgage lenders, medical bills, etc.). Your attorney will send those known creditors a formal written notice of the probate estate, which includes information on how and where to file a claim for any money they’re owed.

For unknown or unforeseen creditors, you must publish a notice in a local newspaper. This is a public announcement that the person has died, and their estate is being probated, and it invites creditors to come forward with claims. In Illinois, the notice to creditors is typically published in a newspaper in the county where the probate is filed, once a week for three consecutive weeks. The notice includes the name of the estate, the court case number, and the deadline by which creditors must file claims.

Creditors have six months from the first publication date to present their claims against the estate. This six-month window is a crucial part of the probate timeline – the estate generally cannot be closed before it ends. If a creditor fails to submit a claim within that period, their claim is usually barred (meaning the estate is not obligated to pay it). As executor, your role is to facilitate these notices and then wait to see if any claims are filed. It may feel counterintuitive to actively alert creditors, but it’s necessary to legally cut off claims after the deadline and move forward with confidence that all debts are accounted for. While the clock is ticking on the creditor claim period, you don’t have to sit idle – you’ll use this time to take stock of assets and manage the estate, as described in the next step.

Step 5: Inventory and Manage the Estate Assets

A big part of an executor’s job is identifying, collecting, and valuing all the assets in the estate. Now that you’re authorized and have notified the necessary parties, you should create a thorough inventory of the estate’s assets. This means listing everything your loved one owned at the time of death that is part of the probate estate, along with approximate values. Common assets to inventory include:

• Real estate: Homes, land, or other real property (note location and any mortgages).
• Bank and Investment Accounts: Checking and savings accounts, CDs, brokerage accounts, stocks, bonds, etc.
• Personal property: Vehicles, jewelry, furniture, artwork, collections, electronics, and other personal belongings.
• Business interests: If the decedent owned a business or partnership interest, include that as an asset.
• Other assets: Any other valuables or property rights, such as patents, unpaid wages, or refunds due.

Gather statements and documents for financial accounts, get appraisals for real estate or unique valuables if needed, and make note of the value of each asset as of the date of death. Illinois independent administration typically does not require you to file the inventory in court (unlike supervised cases), but you do need to prepare it and keep it for the estate’s records. Often, you’ll share the inventory with estate beneficiaries, so everyone knows what assets are included.

While inventorying, also segregate the estate’s funds. Open a dedicated estate bank account if you haven’t already and start consolidating liquid assets there. For example, you might collect refunds or final paychecks payable to the estate, or proceeds from selling minor assets, into this account. This makes it easier to pay estate bills and later distribute funds. Do not mix the estate’s money with your own – keeping a separate account is essential for clear record-keeping.

Managing the assets also means maintaining them during the probate process. Ensure any real property is insured and maintained (pay property taxes, utility bills, HOA fees, as needed from estate funds). If the deceased owned investments, you might keep them invested for now or liquidate them to cash depending on what the will directs or what expenses need to be paid. Every estate is different – some might require you to sell a house or car to gather funds for debts or to eventually split among beneficiaries, while others you might hold until distribution. In independent administration, you have flexibility to make these decisions, always guided by the best interests of the estate and the instructions in the will.

Throughout this step, keep detailed records. Track every asset you collect and every expense you pay (for example, if you pay a utility bill or a maintenance cost, note it). Good record-keeping will make the later steps of paying final bills and accounting to the beneficiaries much easier. By the end of this phase, you should have a clear picture of the estate’s total assets and their values, which sets the stage for settling obligations and eventually distributing inheritances.

Step 6: Settle Debts, Bills, and Taxes

While the creditor claim period (six months from notice publication) is running, you will begin to settle the estate’s obligations using estate funds. This step involves paying valid debts, expenses, and any taxes owed by the estate. It’s important to approach this carefully so that all obligations are handled in the proper order and within the estate’s means.

Pay ongoing bills and necessary expenses first. Make sure that immediate expenses like funeral costs (if not already paid by the family or a burial policy) are taken care of from the estate. In Illinois, reasonable funeral and burial expenses, as well as the costs of administering the estate (court fees, attorney fees, appraisals, etc.), are generally top priority and can be paid before other debts. You should also pay any expenses required to preserve assets – for example, insurance premiums to keep coverage in force, utility bills to prevent damage to a home, or storage fees for personal property. Use the estate’s account for these whenever possible, and keep receipts.

Review and pay creditor claims. After the six-month claim period, you’ll know which creditors have filed formal claims against the estate. You do not have to pay claims immediately as they come in; in fact, it’s wise to wait until the period is over to see all claims. Once you have all claims, you as executor determine which claims are valid and in what priority Illinois law says to pay them. Generally, you’ll pay debts in this order: funeral and administration costs first, then the deceased’s last medical bills and family support allowances (if applicable), then other debts like credit cards or loans. If the estate has enough funds, all valid claims can be paid in full. If the estate is insolvent (not enough assets to cover all debts), you may need to pay creditors pro rata or follow Illinois’s priority scheme and potentially have the court approve the plan – if you face this situation, getting legal advice is crucial.

For any claim you believe is invalid or too high, you have the right to challenge or negotiate it. For instance, if a creditor files a claim you disagree with, you can formally disallow it, which might lead to a court hearing where the claim’s validity is decided. In independent administration, you can also negotiate settlements with creditors. Sometimes credit card companies or medical providers will accept a partial payment to settle a debt. Always document any settlements or agreements in writing.

Handle taxes. The executor is responsible for making sure all necessary tax returns are filed for the decedent and the estate. Typically, you will need to file the decedent’s final income tax return (Form 1040 for the year of death) by the next tax deadline. If the estate earns income (for example, interest on bank accounts or rental income from property during probate), the estate might need its own tax return (fiduciary income tax return, Form 1041). Additionally, if the estate is very large, there could be estate taxes: the federal estate tax currently applies only to multi-million dollar estates, but Illinois has a state estate tax on estates over $4 million. Most estates don’t owe estate tax, but if yours might, you’d file an Illinois estate tax return and possibly a federal Form 706. As executor, you might hire a tax professional to help with these filings to ensure accuracy. Using estate funds, you’ll pay any taxes due from the estate.

By the end of this step, all known bills and debts should be addressed (or accounted for to be paid) and tax obligations fulfilled. Always pay from the estate’s funds, not your own. If the estate’s bank account is running low, be cautious – don’t distribute any assets to beneficiaries until you’re confident all expenses and claims are covered. It’s also a good practice to maintain a reserve fund for any last expenses that might crop up (like an unexpected final utility bill or a small tax adjustment) so you don’t accidentally over-distribute. With debts settled and taxes handled, you can finally turn to the rewarding part of the job: distributing your loved one’s assets to their beneficiaries.

Step 7: Distribute the Remaining Assets to Beneficiaries

After all creditors, bills, and taxes have been taken care of (and the claim period has expired), the executor’s focus shifts to transferring the remaining assets to the rightful beneficiaries as outlined in the will. This is the step where your loved one’s wishes are fulfilled by delivering inheritances to family and friends.

Start by confirming the final asset list and values after settling expenses. What’s left in the estate? This could be cash in the estate bank account, real estate, personal items, investments, etc. Review the will to see how these assets should be distributed. The will might specify certain gifts (e.g., “My granddaughter gets my jewelry” or “My son receives 50% of my estate”). If any assets had to be sold to pay debts (for example, you sold a car to raise funds), then the proceeds from those sales are what get distributed.

Before distributing, it’s wise to prepare a simple accounting or summary for the beneficiaries showing the estate’s financial picture: starting assets, what was spent on debts/expenses, and what remains for distribution. In independent administration, a formal court accounting might not be required, but it’s good practice to be transparent with beneficiaries. Many executors will send a letter or report to the beneficiaries outlining this information along with the proposed distribution amounts. You may even ask the beneficiaries to sign a release or acknowledgment that they agree with the accounting and distribution plan – this can protect you from later disputes.

Now, carry out the actual distributions. For cash assets, this could be writing checks from the estate account to each beneficiary for the amount they are entitled to. For physical assets, it could mean delivering those items or transferring titles. For example, if the will leaves a car to a daughter, you’ll sign the title over to her. If a house is left to someone, you, as executor, might need to execute a deed to transfer the property to that beneficiary (often with the help of an attorney to prepare the deed). Make sure each beneficiary provides a receipt or signed acknowledgment for what they receive – this is proof that you delivered the inheritance.

Take care to follow the will’s instructions exactly. If two siblings are each entitled to 50% of an estate, ensure that the division is equal (after accounting for any specific gifts and expenses). Sometimes an estate’s assets aren’t perfectly divisible, so you might need to liquidate an asset and split the proceeds, or have beneficiaries mutually agree on a distribution (for instance, one takes the car, the other gets equivalent cash). Communication is key: discuss any necessary decisions with the beneficiaries to avoid misunderstandings.

Seeing your loved one’s assets go to the people they intended can be a satisfying part of the process. It often brings a sense of closure and fulfillment of the decedent’s final wishes. Once all distributions are made and documented, the estate is nearly finished. The last thing remaining is to formally close the estate with the court.

Step 8: Close the Estate and Conclude the Probate

The final step is to close the estate and tie up the probate proceedings formally. Even after you’ve handed out all the inheritances, you remain the executor of record until the court discharges you, so it’s important not to skip this step. Closing the estate officially releases you from your duties and provides a clear endpoint to the process.

To close an independent administration estate in Illinois, you will prepare a final report or accounting to file with the court (sometimes called a “Report of Independent Representative” or a final accounting statement). In this report, you’ll detail that all debts, expenses, and taxes have been paid and that all remaining assets have been distributed according to the will. You’ll often attach receipts or acknowledgments from the beneficiaries confirming they received their inheritances. Essentially, you are informing the court (and all interested parties) that the job is done, and the estate is ready to be closed.

Before filing the final report, it’s common to circulate it to the beneficiaries for approval. If all beneficiaries sign off (often in the form of a simple document saying “we have received our share and approve the executor’s account”), the court process becomes much easier. In many Illinois counties, if you have proof that all interested parties consent to closing, the court may even close the estate without a formal hearing. If any beneficiary has concerns or objects to your final report, the court might set a hearing to review and resolve those issues before closure.

Along with the final report, you may need to file a petition for discharge of the executor. Once the court is satisfied (either through consents or after a hearing) that everything was handled properly, the judge will issue an order closing the estate and discharging you as executor. This is the official end of the probate case. The estate’s file is closed, and your responsibilities are concluded. Be sure to obtain certified copies of the discharge order for your records, in case any questions arise later.

After an estate is closed, typically the executor will distribute any remaining paperwork to the appropriate parties, and you can then close the estate bank account. Keep the estate records for a while (Illinois law often suggests keeping records for several years) in case any issues or questions come up after closure.

Take a moment to congratulate yourself – you have navigated a difficult process during a difficult time. By following these steps, you’ve fulfilled your loved one’s wishes and managed their affairs responsibly. Closing the estate is often a moment of closure for you personally as well, as it signifies the end of the legal process following your loved one’s death.

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Conclusion: Moving Forward with Peace of Mind

Probate can seem intimidating, especially when you’re grieving, but in Illinois the independent administration system is designed to make it as smooth as possible for executors. By breaking the process into clear steps – from securing the will and opening the estate, through managing assets and debts, to finally distributing assets and closing the estate – you can tackle one thing at a time without feeling overwhelmed. Remember to stay organized, communicate with family members and professionals, and take care of yourself along the way.

Being an executor is a big responsibility, but you don’t have to do it alone. Don’t hesitate to seek guidance from your probate attorney or other professionals (accountants, realtors, etc.) if you’re unsure about any step; their expertise can be invaluable, especially if any complications arise. That said, many estates proceed without major issues, and with the information in this step-by-step guide, you are well prepared to handle the journey ahead.

Above all, keep in mind that your role as executor is ultimately an act of love and trust – you are carrying out your loved one’s final affairs and protecting their legacy. By following the Illinois probate process diligently yet confidently, you’ll honor their wishes and bring the estate to a successful conclusion. And when the work is done, you can find peace of mind knowing you’ve fulfilled your duties and helped your family move forward. Good luck, and take it one step at a time.

Need Help Navigating Probate?

If you’ve been named executor of a will in Illinois and aren’t sure where to begin, you’re not alone. Every estate is different, and personalized legal guidance can make the process much smoother. Schedule a free call with the Palley Law Office and learn how I can help you move forward with confidence.

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